The Pros and Cons of Ethanol Fuel

Ethanol is a relatively low-cost alternative fuel  that boasts less pollution and more availability than unblended gasoline. But while there are many advantages of using ethanol as a fuel, there are some drawbacks as well. Advantages of Using Ethanol as a Fuel Better for the Environment Overall, ethanol is considered to be better for the environment than traditional gasoline. For example, ethanol-fueled vehicles produce lower  carbon dioxide emissions,  and the same or lower levels of hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen emissions. E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, also has fewer volatile components than gasoline, which means fewer gas emissions from evaporation. Adding ethanol to gasoline even in low percentages, such as 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline (E10), reduces carbon monoxide emissions from the gasoline and improves fuel octane. Because it is mostly a product of processed corn, ethanol also reduces the pressure to drill in environmentally-sensitive places, such as the north slope of Alaska, the Arctic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico. It can replace the necessity for environmentally sensitive shale oil—like that coming from the Bakken Shale—and reduces the need for the construction of new pipelines like the Dakota Access Pipeline. Creates Domestic Jobs Ethanol production also supports farmers and creates domestic jobs. And because ethanol is produced domestically—from domestically grown crops—it reduces U.S. dependence on foreign oil and increases the nation’s energy independence. The Drawbacks of Ethanol Fuel Different Environmental Impact Though ethanol and other biofuels are often promoted as clean, low-cost alternatives to gasoline, industrial corn and soy farming still have a harmful impact on the environment, just in a different way. This is especially true for industrial corn farmers. Growing corn for ethanol involves large amounts of synthetic fertilizer and herbicide. In general, corn production is a frequent source of nutrient and sediment pollution. Additionally, in a 2005 study, Cornell University researcher David Pimental factored in the energy needed to grow crops and convert them to biofuels and concluded that producing ethanol from corn required 29% more energy than ethanol is capable of generating. Need for Land Another debate about corn and soy-based biofuels concerns the amount of land it takes away from food production. The challenge of growing enough crops to meet the demands of ethanol and biodiesel production is significant and, some say, insurmountable. According to some authorities, producing  enough biofuels  to enable their widespread adoption could mean converting most of the world’s remaining forests and open spaces to farmland—a sacrifice few people would be willing to make. â€Å"Replacing only 5% of the nation’s diesel  consumption with biodiesel  would require diverting approximately 60% of today’s soy crops to  biodiesel production,† says Matthew Brown, an energy consultant and former energy program director at the National Conference of State Legislatures. Implementation Also, when considering the implementation of ethanol, it must be noted that biofuels arent meant for all vehicles, especially older ones. One solution to this has been the introduction of flexible fuel vehicles. These have the advantage of being able to use E85, gasoline, or a combination of the two and give drivers the flexibility to choose the fuel that is most available or best suited to their needs. Still, there is some resistance from the automotive industry when it comes to adding biofuels like ethanol to the market. Sources: EarthTalk staff. The Pros and Cons of Biofuels. James T. Ehler, February 2007.Susan S. Lang. Cornell ecologists study finds that producing ethanol and biodiesel from corn and other crops is not worth the energy. Cornell Chronicle, July 5, 2005, Ithaca NY.

Psychological Research Into the Behaviour of Bystanders...

Psychological Research Into the Behaviour of Bystanders The first researchers to investigate systematically the circumstances in which bystanders are and are not likely to intervene to help others were Latane Darley. The tragic case of Kitty Genovese in 1960s New York acted as a catalyst for research studies since the case highlighted concepts such as bystander apathy and the unresponsive bystander. Latane and Darley have shown through research that we are less likely to define a situation as being dangerous if other people are present, a phenomenon they called pluralistic ignorance. Latane and Darley performed a study, the smoke-filled room experiment, which demonstrates the power of†¦show more content†¦The fear of making a social blunder, and being subject to ridicule if a situation is ambiguous, also deters people from helping (Pennington et al, 1999). Interestingly, Latane Rodin (1969) found that when two friends were placed in an ambiguous situation, their response to a potential emergency was just as quick as when either was alone, and much quicker than when two strangers were together or when a naà ¯ve participant was with a stooge instructed not to respond. Presumably, with people we do not expect to see again, we are deterred from acting because we will not have the opportunity to explain ourselves if our interpretations are incorrect. There is, however, evidence indicating that when an emergency clearly requires bystander intervention, help is much more likely to be given, even when a large number of people witness the emergency. For example, Clark Word (1974) staged a realistic accident. A technician supposedly received a severe electric shock in a room next to one in which individual participant or participants in groups of two or five were completing a questionnaire. All participants responded and went to the technicians assistance Whilst some witnesses to Kitty Genoveses murder claimed they believed the attack to be aShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychologists : Bystander Effect1446 Words   |  6 Pagesused by social psychologists – bystander effect or bystander apathy may answer the question what makes people to ignore others in need of help, and why? The bystander effect is a phenomenon in which people are less likely to assist another individual in an emergency situation when other individuals or bystanders are present (Schneider, Coutts, Gruman, 2013). In theoretical and practical sense, bystander effect plays important role in understanding the helping behaviour help For the purpose of thisRead MoreBystander Effect : A Social And Psychological Phenomenon1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe bystander effect is both a social and psychological phenomenon in which an individual’s inclination towards showing helping behaviours are minimised by the influence of other people. Research has found that the more people acting as bystanders in a situation, the less likely it is that helping behaviours will be demonstrated. However in the correct conditions, where conditioned cues increase self-awareness, it is possible to reverse the bystander effect phenomenon. The bystander effect is prevalentRead MoreThe Bystander Effect Is Caused By Diffusion Of Responsibility1470 Words   |  6 PagesCritically evaluate the claim that the bystander effect is caused by diffusion of responsibility. 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Asch found thatRead MoreEssay about The Bystander Effect1791 Words   |  8 Pages‘The Bystander Effect’ Lily is thirteen years old and tall for her age. One afternoon, she confronts a suspicious looking stranger near a young girl playing in the local park. The stranger takes to his heels when Lily challenges him. Lily’s bravery is the talk of the neighbourhood. On learning of this, a student who is studying social psychology makes the comment: It’s just as well that Lily’s usual playmates were not around or that little girl might not have received any help. (Vaughan andRead More1. Introduction Altruism is unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others; behaviour by1700 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Altruism is unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others; behaviour by an animal that is not beneficial to or may be harmful to itself but that benefits others of its species. (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, n.d.) We often may feel like we are doing something to benefit others, but consider Darwinian evolution, which is the theory according to which species evolve by natural selection - the basic mechanism of evolution whereby those individuals in a population thatRead MoreBystanders in Situations of Bullying: Motivations for Defending a Victim 1868 Words   |  8 Pagesconcepts—causing their victims harm, possessing greater power than their victims and repetition (Oh Hazler, 2009). Bystanders play perhaps the most vital role in bullying (Oh Hazler, 2009). Bystanders can help the bully (‘assistants’ or ‘reinforcers’), remain passive and non-interceptive (‘outsiders’) or they can be ‘defenders’, which are individuals who intervene using prosocial behaviours, meaning that they voluntarily act in ways that benefit others (Oh Hazler, 2009; Thornberg, 2007). StatisticsRead MoreDD307 TMA062512 Words   |  11 PagesREFERENCE TO TWO TOP ICS OF RESEARCH IN DD307 This essay will explore the concept of situated knowledges, and assess the importance of this concept to the critical evaluation of social psychological topics. The concept of situated knowledges is used as an interrogative theme to assist in evaluating knowledge produced in research. All knowledge produced, is situated historically (the time/era), the culture, social and political views, and the geographic location the research was conducted. ConsequentlyRead MoreCan People Resist Normative And Informational Social Influence?2005 Words   |  9 Pagesresist to normative and informational social influence? There is a fundamental human need to belong to social groups especially if people were to live and work together, it is likely that they need to agree on common beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviours in order to get along and fit-in. Thus, we learnt to conform to rules of other people, the more people see others behaving in a particular way or making particular decisions, the more likely people will feel obliged to follow the suit. This is calledRead MoreBullying : Abolish Negative Workplace Atmosphere1339 Words   |  6 Pagesthese points into consideration, it will overall show how the bullies, bystanders and victims all play a role in abolishing workplace bullying. Bullies, Bystanders and Victims According to Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 40% of Canadians have experienced workplace bullying that occurs on a weekly basis (2012). First of all, what exactly is classified bullying? It can be defined as â€Å"repeated, persistent, continuous behaviour as opposed to a single negative act and is generally associated with

Essay on Perseverance and The Olympic Story Lost in Time Essay Example For Students

Essay on Perseverance and The Olympic Story Lost in Time Essay Perseverance and The Olympic Story Lost in Time Most people have never had to persevere-holding onto that last sliver of hope-as much as nine American boys who were thrown from their small Washington towns onto the international stage, back in 1936. Don Hume, Joe Rantz, Shorty hunt, Stub McMillin, Johnny White, Gordy Adam, Chuck Day, Roger Morris, and Bobby Moch were all part of The University of Washingtons inspirational 1936 Olympic crew. Each of these rowers had their own stories of perseverance, determination, and grit bringing them together to work magic on the water. They trusted each other, relied on each other, and most importantly they had total confidence that â€Å"no man would pull the full weight of the boat†. So what you need to understand is that these boys were not born with silver spoons in their mouths and they had to work hard to succeed. This crew was composed of sons of loggers, shipyard workers, and farmers, not sons of businessmen or lawyers like the crews back east, like Harvard or Yale, were made up of. They persevered and had the drive to succeed, and it payed off after years of work with a gold medal in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin and the satisfaction of wiping the smile off Aldoph Hitlers and his German crew faces.   Perseverance is the steady persistence in a course of action, a state, etc., especially in spite of difficulties, obstacles, or discouragement. Like I mentioned before, most people dont have epic stories of Perseverance like the members of Washingtons 1936 crew. But what makes an story or moment of true perseverance legendary? It all starts with the inner drive that leads to the determination to succeed. Then adversity comes into the picture and screws up your whole game plan. â€Å"Plan A i. .my rowing coach has taught me a lot about this idea of perseverance and grit. Not letting your crew down, driving onto the finish, and being able to truly believe that the rest of your crew is just a tired and in just as much pain as you are during a race. Over Washington’s 1936 Crews epic journey of perseverance and determination they experienced more adversity, pain, and discouragement than most face in a lifetime. They entered the University of Washington as boys and emerged as men. This was the inspirational tale of perseverance and one of the Greatest Olympic Stories lost in time. â€Å"Rowing is perhaps the toughest of sports. Once the race starts, there are no time-outs, no substitutions. It calls upon the limits of human endurance. The coach must therefore impart the secrets of the special kind of endurance that comes from mind, heart, and body. †Thank You

Operations Management and Manufacturing Process Semi-Finished Product

Question: Describe about the Operations Management and Manufacturing Process for Semi-Finished Products. Answer: Introduction The process of converting raw material or semi-finished products into final or finished products using labour, machinery and other important resources is known as manufacturing. The process of manufacturing is carried out by every business organisation so that it can fulfil the demands of the customers (BusinessDictionary.com, 2016). Every business organisation in this world, whether operating in service sector or in a production sector, has to manufacture products or services either themselves or by outsourcing it from a third party. Manufacturing is the process that is essential for the stability and robustness of an economy. It not only strengthens an economy but also facilitates the flow of money and other resources within an economy (Makingitincalifornia.com, 2016). Every company in the world has a design for its manufacturing process or providing its services. A manufacturing design process allows the companies to streamline their operations, reduce their operational costs, allocate adequate and proper resources, increase the overall efficiency and ensure that the final products meet the quality standards. The design of the manufacturing process for a firm can vary from industry to industry, firm to firm and can also vary according to the products that the company produces. Clothing Industry Clothing or garment industry is one of the biggest industries in the world. It contributes significantly towards the economies of various countries. The clothing or the garment industry comprises of production of clothing and garments, fashion industry, fashion retailers and trading of second-hand clothes and textile recycling. Though the ready-made garment industry has been highly criticised by some people for the use of sweatshops, child labour, piece work, etc. but it still remains a fact that we need clothes to wear and this industry cannot die ever. ABC Company is one of the biggest clothing multinational companies that has its working operations in two countries but has retail outlets in almost 28 countries. Famous for its designer and trendy clothes, the company was started in 1976 in France. The company has since then achieved success due to its ability to start up new trends and respond to the market demand quickly. The company has such a streamlined manufacturing process that it takes the company 7 days to 2 weeks to design a new garment and make it available on the shelves of all its stores. Thus, by managing its operations properly and using a very efficient supply chain system, the company has been able to gain competencies in the market and maintain it in the long run. Factors Effecting Manufacturing Process Design Clothing industry is an industry where the process of manufacturing has to be highly streamlined and without any errors as garments with defects is wastage and a burden on the finances of the company. In case of ABC Company, the manufacturing process has to be even more efficient as it carries out its manufacturing operations in two countries alone whereas the final products are to be shipped to almost 28 countries. Therefore, the manufacturing process should be highly accurate, streamlined and has to be designed according to the variables that affect the company and the industry. Let us now discuss some important variables that have been shaping the manufacturing process design of the company since its very beginning: Nature Of The Business/Industry Clothing industry is an industry which experiences very high competition at a global level. Customer these days have the choice of purchasing garments and clothes right from their smartphones, which gives them a million products and brands to choose from. In such a scenario, it was crucial for the company to build a brand and reputation for itself. The companys manufacturing process design reflects the nature of the business or the industry and also reflects the mind-set of the company, which was to build a reputation and brand image in the market by maintaining high quality of products. The company has restricted all the manufacturing process within its headquarters i.e. in-house manufacturing. Keeping all the production process within the house makes it possible for the brand to maintain quality standards as it can keep a closer check on the process. Outsourcing the manufacturing process can make it difficult for the company to ensure quality of gar ments. The company has designed its process in such a way that it can keep a closer look and make necessary changes in the required time. Frequent Changes In Market Trends one of the main features of the garment industry is that it experiences frequent changes in market trends and designs. The change in clothing and garment trends can be experienced in real time and companies manufacturing clothing articles in millions can become vulnerable to such market factors. If a company produces excess quantities of garments, a quick change in the clothing trend can outdate those million articles and can incur huge loss for the company. ABC Company has designed its manufacturing process in such a way that it manufactures articles in a very controlled manner. It operates five days a week and does not operate at its full capacity. It keeps its maximum work capacity for seasonal times or periods when the demand as at its peak levels. The company has established such an efficient system of supply chain management that it takes a maximum of two weeks for the company to makes its new products available on the shelves of all its store s. Thus, the company manages to keep its operations lean and manufacture articles only in the quantity required by various stores. The quantities of garments shipped to the showrooms are according to the orders placed by the store managers. The store managers are given the responsibility of placing orders for new articles and for the articles that are out of stock. Once the order is placed with the company, the company dispatches the order within one or two days so that the order reached the outlet as soon as possible. As discussed above, the company restricts all the manufacturing processes within the house itself. It allows the company to respond to change in market trends and any change that is experienced in dressing styles, trends, etc. The company produces clothes in a very controlled manner and as and when it experiences a change in the dressing preferences of people, it makes a quick change in the manufacturing process and introduces new designs in the market as soon as possible. Market And Consumer Demand the company has designed its manufacturing process in such a way that it has controlled the demand of the consumers in the market. The retail outlets experiences a high foot fall and the purchases made in the retail stores are very high as compared to other competitive brands. The reason behind this has been that the company manufactures a limited quantity of its stock. When the stock in the stores is very limited, the customer has to make a quick decision as the product might not be available on the next day if they come back to make a purchase. Further, the stock is produced in such a limited quantity that a customer might not find a month old product anywhere in the country as new stock is updated in the stores on a weekly basis. The company is aware that the demand for trendy and designer clothes is always high and by designing its manufacturing process in a very efficient manner, the company has been able to maintain quality and uniqueness of products , which ultimately increases the demand for the products of the company. Economic Factors another major factor behind the success of the company has been its ability to control the prices of its premium products through its manufacturing processes. The companys design of manufacturing process allows it to reduce the operational costs to a considerable extent and bring down the prices of its products. Where the rival products cost around 300-400$, the same products from ABC Company cost around 150-200$. The management of the company is aware about the fact that even during economic boom periods, people have a lot of money at their disposal and they buy more clothing products. On the other hand, the periods of economic downturns slow down the sales as people do not spend much on clothes. Thus, the company uses a manufacturing process that helps it in reducing the operational and manufacturing costs. The end result is that the prices of end products are cheaper than the competitive products even while the quality is high. In this way, the company manages to avoid putting up excess sales as the products are already available at competitive products and even when the company puts up a seasonal sale in all its stores, the response is tremendous (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). Technological Factors the technology and the resources available to a company can also have a great effect on the manufacturing process design. If all the resources and machinery is easily available at single place, the manufacturing process becomes easier whereas if the resources or machinery is separately distributes, the manufacturing process design becomes more complicated and lengthy. For most of the companies out there, the flowchart is to first design, then forecast followed by outsourcing bulk production and logistics. ABC Company has its own way of designing things (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). At ABC Company, the management believes that it is the design that matters and the rest can be easily done. The company has located all its resources, machinery and technology at a single place i.e. the clothes are designed, manufactures and shipped from the same facilities (Anon, 2016). The manufacturing process design of the company makes it a trend setter rather than being a co mpany which follows the trends set up by superior companies. Geographical Factors for a company that is into clothing industry and has to serve 28 countries by manufacturing products only from two countries, it takes a lot of efforts to design the manufacturing processes. It is obvious that the consumer demands and needs would not all be the same in all the countries and may vary according to the geographic factors and weather conditions, for example, consumers living in Canada would demand warmer clothes as compare to people living in India. Therefore, the company has to incorporate geographical factors when it designs its manufacturing processes. The designers of the company design separate garments for different countries, depending upon the climatic conditions and consumer requirements of that place. These products are then manufactured and then shipped to the countries for which they are manufactured. These are mainly those products which are to be used in cold weather, such as warmers, jackets, sweatshirts, etc. whereas other garments, such as denims, shirts, t-shirts, shorts, trousers, blazers, etc. are all similar for all the countries. Thus, the geographical factors of the countries also play a huge role in the manufacturing process design of the company. Lean Principles And Operations Managament Operations management is the process of administration of business operations and practices that aims at minimising the operational costs and achieving the highest level efficiency that can be possible for an organisation (Investopedia, 2010). The main objective of operations management is to convert all the resources into goods and services in the most efficient manner possible so that the organisation can maximise its profit. Lean principles are also a concept in the operations management which means to create more value for the customers using as few resources as possible (Lean.org, 2016). Today, the business environment has become highly competitive and the organisations are now competing with each other at a global scale. In such a scenario, operations management plays a huge role in how the organisations achieve market competencies by implementing lean principles. In the above presented case, ABC Company has definitely used operations management and lean principles to achieve such a competitive edge in the global clothing industry. The company has efficiently identified the factors that add value to the products which it offers to its consumers. Let us now discuss some of the factors that have helped the company in adding value to the products and ultimately increasing the overall efficiency and decreasing the operational costs: Just-in-time production strategy the company follows just-in-time production strategy which enables it to reduce a lot of its operational costs. The company produces only a certain percentage of its stock before the start of a season while it manufactures at its full capacity during the season itself. Such a production strategy allows the company to keep its maximum manufacturing potential saved for the periods of peak demands and also allows it to respond to the changing market situation in a better way. In-house production another important strategy in the production design of the company has been to keep all the production process within its headquarters. The company has kept all its designers, production facilities, manufacturing units, storing warehouses in one place. Such a strategy streamlines the operations and makes it easier for the company to design, manufacture and ship products much quicker than most of the rivals. In most of the companies, the designers first design a new garment or cloth and then they send that design to the headquarters, which might be hundreds of miles away, for the approval of the management. If the management approves it then the design goes for production whereas if the management needs some changes in the design, the designers have to go through the same process all over again. The centralized system of design and production helps the company in streamlining its operations and implementing lean production in the organisation. Where other companie s manufacture garments in bulk quantities and cannot alter a design or units throughout a season, ABC Company is able to make real time changes in its designs and quantities even during seasonal demands. All this has been made possible only because of the operations management of the company. The company can restock its stores with clothing articles within two weeks, which proves its efficiency in manufacturing products and supply chain management. Further, by restricting all the manufacturing process within the headquarters, the company has been able to ensure higher quality products while the operational cost also decreases because all the operations being carried out in the same place (Study), 2016). Excellent scheduling the managers at each retail store of the company are allowed to place an order with the headquarters once every weak. Once the headquarters receive the order placed by the store manager, the order is prepared ad ready to be shipped within 24 hours. Once the stores receive the orders that they have placed, the stock is immediately put up on the display on the same day itself. The pace at which all the process is completed is kept steady and provides as an excellent factor for achieving market competencies (Study, 2016). Manufacturing in small and controlled quantities ABC Company has adopted an excellent strategy of producing orders or articles in small quantities. Manufacturing the articles in small and controlled quantities allows the company to maintain exclusivity of their articles and the customer has to make a very quick buying decision as the products are in limited quantity and can go out of stock at any time. Further, small quantities ensure that there is new stock coming up on weekly or monthly basis. Thus, the customers regularly visit the retail outlets of the company to check out their new stock and buy exclusive products. The strategy to manufacture articles in very small quantities also allows the company to first of all check the response of the consumers towards a new product. If the response is good, the company can manufacture those articles in a greater quantity while the articles which do not receive good response can be discontinued quickly to avoid financial losses or losses to the brand image (Study, 2016). Conclusion Thus, the company has been able to implement lean operations on the organisation very effectively and design its manufacturing process according to the variables that have the maximum impact on the companies operating in garment or clothing industry. The strategies adopted by the company reflect their mind set of streamlining all their operations in the best possible manner. Due to the ability of the company to streamline its operations and implement lean operations in the organisation, it has been able to maximise its efficiency in all the operations and reduce their operating costs. Such factors have also helped the company in bringing down the final prices of their products and giving a neck to neck competition to some of the top brands in the world in terms of prices, quality and exclusivity of the products. Where most of the companies in the world are struggling for their survival, ABC Company has established its success on the basis of its ability to manage their operations in the best possible manner so that the efficiency can be optimised and operating costs can be reduced to the minimum possible levels while ensuring high quality of products and greater customer satisfaction. References Buljubasic, T. (2016). Process Innovation Zara Innovation Excellence. [online] Innovationexcellence.com. Available at: https://innovationexcellence.com/blog/2013/11/18/process-innovation-zara/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Anon, (2016). How does Zara manufacture clothes so fast?. [online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/How-does-Zara-manufacture-clothes-so-fast [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. The Leadership Network. (2015). How Zara used Lean to become the largest fashion retailer. [online] Available at: https://theleadershipnetwork.com/article/lean-manufacturing/zara-lean [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Lu, C. (2016). Zara's secret to retail success - its supply chain. [online] Tradegecko.com. Available at: https://www.tradegecko.com/blog/zara-supply-chain-its-secret-to-retail-success [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Investopedia. (2010). Operations Management Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operations-management.asp [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Lean.org. (2016). Principles of Lean. [online] Available at: https://www.lean.org/WhatsLean/Principles.cfm [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Study), 7. (2016). 7 Rules of Fashion Supply Chain (Zara Case Study). [online] Supplychainopz.com. Available at: https://www.supplychainopz.com/2013/09/7-rules-fashion-supply-chain-management.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Makingitincalifornia.com. (2016). The Importance of Manufacturing - Centers for Applied Competitive Technologies. [online] Available at: https://makingitincalifornia.com/manufacturing_importance.php [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2016). The Macroenvironmental Factors Affecting the Clothing Industry. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/macroenvironmental-factors-affecting-clothing-industry-37254.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. BusinessDictionary.com. (2016). What is manufacturing? definition and meaning. [online] Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/manufacturing.html [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016].